The opioid epidemic continues to ravage the United States, and 2021 saw a reported 80,000 opioid-related deaths, according to the National Institutes of Health. Though this has been an ongoing problem for years, the neurological mechanisms underlying opioid addiction, withdrawal and relapse remain a mystery. Understanding the neurological underpinnings of opioid dependence is crucial to addressing this crisis. Many experts believe that opioid addiction is rooted in neurological changes that occur when opioids are introduced to the body. In general, opioids are known to activate certain areas of the brain, such as the reward pathways, which prompt the reward system to release feel-good chemicals, such as dopamine or endorphins. The reward pathways become weakened when opioids are constantly activated, leading to increased tolerance and dependency. In animal models, researchers have observed changes in the nucleus accumbens, an area of the brain associated with learning and memory formation. These changes could explain why individuals with opioid addiction often relapse even after extended periods of abstinence. Behavioral therapy is one approach to managing opioid addiction, but it's only effective when combined with pharmacological interventions. This combination therapy aims to reduce opioid cravings and mitigate withdrawal symptoms. Medications like buprenorphine and methadone are often used as part of this combination therapy. They act as partial agonists, which means that they bind to the opioid receptors without overstimulating them. This reduces the reward-seeking behavior associated with opioids but still creates a sense of relief from withdrawal symptoms. Another approach to managing opioid addiction is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). This type of therapy focuses on changing negative thought patterns and behaviors associated with addiction, such as low self-esteem and impulsivity. Studies have shown that CBT can be helpful in managing opioid addiction, particularly when combined with pharmacological therapy. In summary, the neurological mechanisms underlying opioid addiction, withdrawal and relapse continue to be a mystery. Experts believe that opioid addiction is rooted in neurological changes that occur when opioids are introduced to the body. Behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapy can be combined with medications to reduce cravings and limit the risk of relapse. As the opioid epidemic continues to devastate many American communities, it is essential that we continue to study and better understand the neurological basis of opioid dependence so that we can more effectively address this deadly crisis.
https://www.lifetechnology.com/blogs/life-technology-medical-news/researchers-identify-brain-circuit-involved-in-fentanyl-abuse-and-relapse
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